...glands and sensory receptors. Epithelial cells are...
...construction. Gas exchange Receptors of stimuli, e.g....
...glands and sensory receptors. Oil glands in...
...capillaries and sensory receptors. Subcutaneous tissue is...
...between neurons and/or receptors. FUNCTION OF THE...
...one type of receptors for neurotransmitters. Acetylcholine...
...combines with specific receptors on the postsynaptic...
...the postsynaptic neuron. Receptors are proteins that...
...cord Vertebrate Nervous receptors System Somatic afferent...
...Somatic afferent nerves (receptors to CNS) efferent...
...skeletal muscles) Peripheral Receptors Autonomic afferent n....
...Autonomic afferent n. (receptors to CNS) efferent...
...from senses and receptors. Motor areas control...
...changes in neurotransmitter receptors and second messengers...
...consists of sensory receptors and nerves. The...
...Chapter 41 SENSORY RECEPTORS Sensory receptors are...
...SENSORY RECEPTORS Sensory receptors are structures specialized...
...external environment. Sensory receptors consists of Neuron...
...with neurons. These receptors transduce (convert) the...
...the neurons. Sensory receptors and other types...
...balance. CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS Receptors are classified...
...CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS Receptors are classified according...
...RECEPTOR POTENTIAL Sensory receptors maintain a resting...
...action potential Sensory receptors perform three important...
...from the sensory receptors may differ in......
...given fiber. Many receptors adapt to the...
...called sensory adaptation. Receptors that adapt slowly...
...are called tonic receptors. Those that adapt...
...rapidly are phasic receptors. Sensory adaptation enables...
...with another. Touch receptors are located in...
...skin. The simplest receptors are nerve endings....
...vibrating stimuli. Phasic receptors stimulated only when...
...and vertebrates tactile receptors are located at...
...invertebrates have gravity receptors called statocysts. Infolding...
...organs, and joint receptors are proprioreceptors. Respond...
...AUDITORY RECEPTION Auditory receptors are located in...
...TASTE (gustation) Taste receptors are specialized epithelial...
...tongue's surface. These receptors detect food molecules...
...The combination of receptors activated determines the...
...three types of receptors detect temperature changes,...
...temperature changes, warm receptors, cold receptors and...
...warm receptors, cold receptors and pain receptors...
...receptors and pain receptors for extreme temperatures....
...Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the plasma...
...binds to ?-adrenergic receptors on the plasma...
...cardiac muscle. ?-adrenergic receptors activate G proteins....
...binds to its receptors, it clones identical...
...T cells bearing receptors with affinity for...
...cells. Lymphocytes with receptors specific for molecules...
...as cell surface receptors that combine with...
...activated when their receptors combine with the...
...to mast cells receptors. When more pollen...
...Target cells have receptors that combine with...
...the hormone. The receptors may be in...
...of the cell. Receptors are continuously synthesized...
...many cases, the receptors act as intermediaries...
...hormones combine with receptors on the plasma...
...two kinds of receptors: enzyme-linked receptors and...
...of receptors: enzyme-linked receptors and G-protein-linked receptors....
...receptors and G-protein-linked receptors. Enzyme-linked receptors are...
...G-protein-linked receptors. Enzyme-linked receptors are transmembrane proteins...
...the cell. Certain receptors are linked by...
...insulin but the receptors on target cells...

...glands and sensory receptors. Epithelial cells are...
...Insulin binds to receptors in the cell...
...insulin but the receptors on target cells...
...between neurons and/or receptors. FUNCTION OF THE...
...one type of receptors for neurotransmitters. When...
...combines with specific receptors on the postsynaptic...
...the postsynaptic neuron. Receptors are proteins that...
...excitatory synapse, neurotransmitters receptors control gated channels...
...cord Vertebrate Nervous receptors System Somatic afferent...
...Somatic afferent nerves (receptors to CNS) efferent...
...skeletal muscles) Peripheral Receptors Autonomic afferent n....
...Autonomic afferent n. (receptors to CNS) efferent...
...from senses and receptors. Motor areas control...
...AND MOVEMENT Sensory receptors are structures specialized...
...external environment. Sensory receptors consists of Neuron...
...with neurons. These receptors transduce (convert) the...
...the neurons. Sensory receptors and other types...
...balance. CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS Receptors are classified...
...CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS Receptors are classified according...
...RECEPTOR POTENTIAL Sensory receptors maintain a resting...
...action potential Sensory receptors perform three important...
...AUDITORY RECEPTION Auditory receptors are located in...
...TASTE (gustation) Taste receptors are specialized epithelial...
...tongue's surface. These receptors detect food molecules...
...The combination of receptors activated determines the...
...Lymphocytes have unique receptors on their surfaces...
...binds to its receptors, it clones identical...
...manufacture antibodies. BCR receptors have "Y" shape,...
...the pathogen. BCR receptors and antibodies secreted...
...Antibodies and antigen receptors do not bind...
...by antibodies and receptors occur. Gene recombination...
...possible antibodies and receptors. Antigen presentation by...
...as cell surface receptors that combine with...
...activated when their receptors combine with the...
...because the antigen-specific receptors are already present...
...the newly produced receptors and antibodies bind...

...bound to the receptors, the two cells...
...molecules. For other receptors, ligand binding causes...
...cell. Most signal receptors are plasma membrane...
...membrane. Other signal receptors are located inside...
...cell. Most signal receptors are plasma membrane...
...aggregating with other receptors. There are three...
...types of membrane receptors: G-protein-linked receptors, receptor...
...membrane receptors: G-protein-linked receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases,...
...and ion channel receptors. A G-protein-linked receptor...
...the membrane. G-protein-linked receptors bind many different...
...proteins and G-protein-linked receptors of modern organisms...
...of plasma membrane receptors that have enzymatic...
...side of these receptors functions as a...
...bind to two receptors, causing the two...
...causing the two receptors to aggregate and...
...section of the receptors, each of which...
...asthma. Although cell-surface receptors make up 30%...
...of human cell-surface receptors consists of the...
...1,000 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The structure...
...several G protein-coupled receptors has been elucidated...
...research into cell-surface receptors and other cell...
...intracellular. Intracellular signal receptors are found in...
...To reach these receptors, a chemical messenger...
...RNA. Some intracellular receptors (such as thyroid...
...as thyroid hormone receptors) are found in...
...relay signals from receptors to target molecules...
...relay signals from receptors to cellular responses....
...by both G-protein-linked receptors and tyrosine-kinase receptors....
...receptors and tyrosine-kinase receptors. Two of the...
...of cAMP. G-protein-linked receptors, G proteins, and...
...signaling molecule. Signal receptors and relay molecules...
...signal molecules to receptors must be reversible,...
...reversible, allowing the receptors to return to...
...molecules declines, fewer receptors are bound and...
...bound and unbound receptors revert to their...
...the concentration of receptors with bound signaling...
...threshold. When enough receptors become inactive so...

...SENSORY RECEPTION Sensory receptors are structures specialized...
...external environment. Sensory receptors consists of Neuron...
...with neurons. These receptors transduce (convert) the...
...the stimulus. Sensory receptors and other types...
...touch and balance. Receptors are classified according...
...sensitivity of the receptors may vary. The...
...sweet. CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS According to types...
...and amphibians. Pain receptors are naked dendrites...
...Gustatory and olfactory receptors. Electromagnetic receptors respond...
...olfactory receptors. Electromagnetic receptors respond to light,...
...be modified pressure receptors or dendrites of...
...the hypothalamus. Pain receptors are also called...
...groups of pain receptors respond to excess...
...invertebrates have gravity receptors called statocysts. Statocysts...
...AUDITORY RECEPTION Auditory receptors are located in...
...TASTE (gustation) Taste receptors are specialized epithelial...
...tongue's surface. These receptors detect food molecules...
...The combination of receptors activated determines the...
...two kinds of receptors. The receptors are...
...of receptors. The receptors are either inhibited...

...detected by sensory receptors. This energy is...
...sensation. 1. Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy...
...energy by sensory receptors. Exteroreceptors detect stimuli...
...the body. Sensory receptors convey the energy...
...CNS. Some sensory receptors must transmit chemical...
...receptor. Some sensory receptors are sensory neurons....
...conditions. 2. Sensory receptors are categorized by...
...detect motion. Pain receptors = nocioceptors. Different...
...types of pain receptors respond to different...
...decreasing a pain receptors threshold. Anti-inflammatories work...
...chemoreceptors are gustatory receptors and olfactory receptors....
...receptors and olfactory receptors. Electromagnetic receptors respond...
...olfactory receptors. Electromagnetic receptors respond to electromagnetic...
...usually interrelated Taste receptors in insects are...
...In mammals, taste receptors are located in...
...In mammals, olfactory receptors line the upper...
...molecules to olfactory receptors initiates signal-transduction pathways...

...that bind to receptors on many types...
...plasma membrane-bound antigen receptors. Antigen receptors on...
...antigen receptors. Antigen receptors on a B...
...immunoglobins). The antigen receptors on a T...
...called T cell receptors, are structurally related...
...bears about 100,000 receptors for antigen, all...
...of a lymphocyte’s receptors is determined by...
...each bearing antigen receptors of particular specificity....
...with lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for its...
...long-lived cells bearing receptors for the same...
...selectively to specific receptors, activates a tiny...
...thymus, their antigen receptors are tested for...
...part, lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for molecules...
...(TC) have antigen receptors that bind to...
...cells (TH) have receptors that bind to...
...T cells bearing receptors with affinity for...
...T cells having receptors with affinity for...
...cells. Those having receptors with affinity for...
...cells bearing antigen receptors are selected by...
...symptoms by blocking receptors for histamine. Sometimes,...
...presence of neurotransmitter receptors on the surfaces...
...normally function as receptors for chemokines. Some...
...to defective chemokine receptors which prevents HIV...

...Sensory Systems Sensory Receptors Range from single...
...Classification of Sensory Receptors Based on stimulus...
...nothing about how receptors work In School:...
...Classification of Sensory Receptors Based on type...
...of stimuli the receptors can detect (stimulus...
...stimulus modality Many receptors can be excited...
...perceive light Polymodal receptors Sensitive to more...
...example, nociceptors; polymodal receptors for multiple types...
...the signal? Sensory receptors must encode four...
...integrating center Polymodal receptors are exceptions Encode...
...Higher density of receptors How then does...
...– groups of receptors work together to...
...Tonic and Phasic Receptors Two classes of...
...Two classes of receptors encode stimulus duration:...
...different receptor proteins Receptors recognize more than...
...female vaginal plates Receptors Bipolar sensory neurons...
...vertebrate only Tactile receptors – exteroceptors that...
...body Vertebrate Tactile Receptors Widely dispersed in...
...tension Joint capsule receptors Located in capsules...
...adapt Insect Tactile Receptors Two common types...

...Concept 50.1 Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy...
...stimuli, constitute sensory receptors. Many sensory receptors...
...receptors. Many sensory receptors detect stimuli from...
...are also sensory receptors for stimuli from...
...In other sensory receptors, ion channels open...
...stimulus. Many sensory receptors show extreme sensitivity...
...possible. Most light receptors can detect a...
...of light; chemical receptors can detect a...
...For many sensory receptors, transduction of the...
...synapse with multiple receptors. The CNS further...
...that link sensory receptors to the brain....
...potentials from sensory receptors travel along neurons...
...stimuli by sensory receptors is subject to...
...20 before reaching receptors in the innermost...
...continued stimulation, many receptors undergo a decrease...
...stimulus intensity. Sensory receptors are categorized by...
...Distinct cells and receptors may be responsible...
...from blue. Sensory receptors are divided into...
...mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, electromagnetic receptors, thermoreceptors, and pain...
...thermoreceptors, and pain receptors. Mechanoreceptors respond to...
...of connective tissue. Receptors that detect light...
...the skin, whereas receptors that respond to...
...skin layers. Other receptors sense the movement...
...brain are general receptors that detect changes...
...to ions. Electromagnetic receptors detect electromagnetic energy...
...the same sensory receptors as high temperatures....
...“cool” flavor. Pain receptors, or nociceptors, are...
...stimulation of pain receptors. Pain is an...
...types of pain receptors respond to different...
...skin, although pain receptors are associated with...
...pain by sensitizing receptors, lowering their threshold....
...relies on sensory receptors that are hair...
...sets of sensory receptors. Many animals use...
...aquatic animals. Taste receptors in insects are...
...In mammals, taste receptors are modified epithelial...
...called papillae. The receptors in taste buds...
...five tastes. The receptors fall into two...
...evolutionarily related to receptors for other senses....
...different bitter taste receptors, each able to...
...for all GPCR-type receptors. Binding of the...
...other identified taste receptors, the receptor for...
...of bitter taste receptors. Using a cloned...
...other, although the receptors and brain pathways...
...Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the muscle...
...to the acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle...
...the number of receptors decreases, synaptic transmission...

...cells have the receptors that enable a...
...bind to target receptors, triggering specific response...
...Only cells with receptors for a particular...
...distance to bind receptors on the target...
...the location of receptors in target cells....
...Evidence for intracellular receptors for steroid hormones...
...the intracellular protein receptors for other steroid...
...the hypothesis that receptors for such hormones...
...the location of receptors for the water-soluble...
...bind to cell-surface receptors. There are several...
...bind to cell-surface receptors. Binding of water-soluble...
...water-soluble hormones to receptors induces changes in...
...hormones bind to receptors and trigger changes...
...cytoskeletal rearrangement. Cell-surface receptors may cause cytoplasmic...
...lipid-soluble hormones, intracellular receptors perform the entire...
...membrane, binding with receptors located in the...
...their expression of receptors or signal transduction...
...epinephrine involves G-protein-linked receptors. -type epinephrine receptors...
...receptors. -type epinephrine receptors of liver cells...
...regulators to their receptors triggers events within...
...change in insulin receptors. This form of...

...immune systems use receptors that specifically bind...
...large number of receptors, each recognizing a...
...recognize microbes through receptors that are very...
...acquired immunity, lymphocyte receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition....
...molecules that their receptors recognize. When a...
...T cells with receptors that can recognize...
...has many antigen-specific receptors embedded in its...
...100,000 identical antigen receptors. B cells sometimes...
...to B cell receptors, except that they...
...and T cell receptors have closely related...
...Both types of receptors bind to antigens...
...surface. T cell receptors recognize and bind...
...as B cell receptors. While the receptors...
...receptors. While the receptors on B cells...
...antigens, however, the receptors on T cells...
...to T cell receptors in this way...
...T cell, the receptors on the T...
...specificity of antigen receptors on lymphocytes. A...
...100,000 identical antigen receptors. It is highly...
...diversity in antigen receptors? The answer is...
...assembles many different receptors from a smaller...
...(immunoglobulins) and membrane-bound receptors. All B cell...
...have rearranged, antigen receptors can be synthesized....
...immature lymphocytes produce receptors specific for epitopes...
...thymus, their antigen receptors are tested for...
...self-reactivity. Lymphocytes with receptors specific for the...
...variety of antigen receptors, few are specific...
...in number, bear receptors specific for the...
...antigen to specific receptors on a lymphocyte...
...The T cell receptors on the surface...
...first binds to receptors on the surface...
...symptoms by blocking receptors for histamine. Sometimes,...